噬菌体治疗制剂的研究进展

从噬菌体作为治疗制剂的前提条件、噬菌体的药物动力学特征、噬菌体可能携带的有害基因、噬菌体产物、噬菌体治疗的实例等方面综述了噬菌体作为治疗制剂的研究进展,旨在通过介绍用噬菌体替代抗生素治疗由细菌引起的感染的机理,为细菌性疾病的治疗提供新的思路和方法。     

公务员个体自主性的伦理思考

公务员在行政组织中很容易出现“代理转换”的危险,从而导致公务员个体自主性缺失,当面临不道德的组织和组织的上级不负责任的行为时缺乏应有的道德责任感,丧失正确的判断力,甚至于以忠诚或服从为借口,从事非道德的行政行为。随着我国新公务员法的正式实施,彰显公务员个体伦理自主性,培养公务员个体伦理自主性显得尤为紧迫,伦理自主性将成为公务员承担道德责任、有效抵制行政腐败的内在动力。     

Error minimization and deterrence in agency control

In the presented oversight model, in which a regulatory agency may collude with regulatees, a watchdog organization may scrutinize the agency’s decision-making and find evidence speaking for collusive behavior. Found evidence is of a specific, stochastic quality. Courts will overturn the administrative decision when the evidence presented in court exceeds a minimum quality standard set by the political principal. Lowering the quality standard increases the odds of finding evidence of sufficient quality and, hence, leads to increasing collusion deterrence and to a lower probability of acquitting collusive administrators (type I error), but also to a higher probability of convicting an innocent administrator (type II error). It is shown that, when welfare-maximization gives rise to an interior solution, the welfare-maximizing standard of evidence is lower than the one that merely minimizes the costs of legal errors without taking deterrence costs into account, but will imply incomplete deterrence. However, conditions can and will be identified under which both error cost minimization and complete deterrence coincide with welfare-maximization.     

微生物物证检验

面对21世纪生物犯罪或生物恐怖活动的新挑战,物证鉴定的新专业--微生物物证检验将成为执法部门侦查和起诉生物犯罪必不可少的手段。微生物物证检验以用作犯罪武器的各种微生物为检验对象,获得微生物种类和能够提供来源信息的菌毒株细致分型结果,达到提供犯罪侦查线索和法庭证据的目的。本文综述了微生物物证检验的定义、特征、技术应用以及美国近年来在微生物物证检验的实践和值得借鉴的成功经验。并建议我国物证鉴定实验室应积极开展研究,建立能够满足生物犯罪侦查需求的微生物物证检验能力。     

简析电子代理人

随着互联网的普及和电子商务的突飞猛进,电子代理人正在逐步得到广泛的应用,但其相关法律制度还不够成熟和完善,因此有必要对电子代理人进行深入的研究和分析。     

对妇联组织变革动因及其途径的探讨

党的执政方式与政府职能转变带来的组织约束机制和资源获取方式的变化,全球化下国际妇女组织运作模式的影响,民间妇女团体大量涌现引发的组织竞争合作格局的改变,妇女群体利益需求多元化的挑战以及组织内部的结构性问题与强烈的变革愿望是妇联寻求组织变革的直接动因。实现这一变革的途径包括重新调整和发展妇联组织与党和政府的关系熏拓展妇联组织的职能熏实施资源开发战略熏对妇联组织的组织结构、组织制度和组织功能进行渐进式变革熏使妇联组织在主动适应内外部环境的变迁中获得不断地发展。     

国有企业公司治理结构:问题、原因、对策

目前80％的国有大中型骨干企业已初步建立起公司治理结构,但其中很多尚未形成健全的制度安排和规范的运行,内部人控制现象仍十分严重。对此,必须继续深化改革,抓住国有产权这一关键环节,建立合理的国有产权委托代理结构,建立健全有中国特色的公司法人治理结构,从根本上解决公司治理结构存在的问题。     

Discovering the Dark Side of Power: The Principal’s Moral Hazard in Political-Bureaucratic Relations

Principal agent (PA) is among the most prominent concepts for analyzing the relationship between politics and bureaucracy. Nonethelesss, the inherent bias of PA scholars to attribute moral hazard almost exclusively to the agent, usually referred to as “bureaucratic drift”, requires re-examination. Building on the spare literature in which moral hazard of the principal is considered, this paper provides empirical evidence for a neglected aspect of the PA concept. Three cases of German regulatory agencies responsible for drug control, financial services and rail safety are analyzed in critical situations which were largely perceived as bureaucratic failures. The analysis reveals that a good deal of these failures, ranging from negligence to suppressing crucial information, has to be attributed to the political principal. This is called the dark side of power because the intention is to shift blame or to dodge political responsibility. Turning conventional PA reasoning upside down, the conclusion is that the principal’s moral hazard should be considered more routinely as a potential explanation for political-bureaucratic interactions.     

扣缴义务人责任研究：类型化与反思

税法上扣缴义务人未完全履行扣缴义务，脱法扣缴行为随之产生，扣缴制度的立法目的成空，追究扣缴义务人责任是为必然。依现行税法规定，扣缴义务人不仅将视情况承担“补缴、追缴”，“限期改正、责令改正”、“刑事处罚”等主责任，而且需承担“滞纳金”，“罚款”或“滞纳金与罚款”等一并使用的从责任。责任形态的复杂性和现行税法的诸多缺陷，导致扣缴义务人责任实务运用极为混乱。要想从源头上解决此问题，必须对扣缴义务人责任进行多维定性，以扣缴义务人基本权利的行使作为扣缴制度财政目的的边界，以财政目的的实现作为扣缴义务人义务履行、权利行使的边界。     

Touch DNA collection from improvised explosive devices: A comprehensive study of swabs and moistening agents

Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are used in devastating terrorist attacks worldwide and daily in Thailand. Touch DNA deposited during IED assembly are subjected to intense heat and pressure, resulting in rare events of usable DNA profiles obtained from real casework. No study has simultaneously evaluated both swab brands and moistening agents for touch DNA collection from substrates encountered in IED evidence. In this study, we investigated the effects of swab brands and moistening agents on DNA collection from adhesive tape, a common IED substrate. A full factorial design using four cotton swab brands (two forensic and two medical cotton swabs) and six moistening agents (DNA-free water, phosphate-buffered saline, ethanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, isopropanol, and lysis buffer) was employed (24 total combinations). Using buffy coats, we found that DNA recovery depended on both swab brands and moistening agents (p < 0.05). The optimal method recovered significantly higher DNA amount from real IED cases compared to the standard Royal Thai Police method. Percentages of high partial profiles also increased. Our results changed the standard operating protocol of the Thai police. Other commonly found substrates from IED cases are being investigated to maximize the evidential value obtained from touch DNA.